According to the source, a new academic study finds that Ethereum layer-2 rollups misprice small transactions, which can inflate user costs and increase denial-of-service risk by enabling spam that congests sequencers. Source: new academic study on Ethereum layer-2 rollups. For trading, monitor L2 fee markets, sequencer throughput, and parameter updates targeting small-transaction pricing, as congestion can impair execution and widen slippage during peak periods. Source: new academic study on Ethereum layer-2 rollups.